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1600s
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1800s
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French Empire - 1605   |
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1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
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1494 - 1506 12 Philip 2  Handsome
1515 - 55 40 Charles 2, HRE Charles 5 * Spain.
| 1515 Battle of Zwarte Hoop |
| 1543 OnWorkings ofHuman Body (De humani corporis fabrica) puplished by Andreas Vesalius (1514 64 50). Dutch anatomist, physician, & author of one ofmost influential books on human anatomy, |
1555 - 81 26 Philip 3
1566 - 1648 82 mi Eighty Years War between Spain and Netherlands.
1572  Capture of Brielle |
1573  mi Battle of Fushing |
| 1573 mi Battle of Borsele |
1573  Battle of Haarlemmermeer |
1573  Battle of Zuiderzee River |
1574  Battle of Reimerswaal |
1574  Siege of Leiden |
1574  Battle of Mookerheyde |
|
| 1581 mi Dutch Republic declares independance |
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| 1574 Siege of Leiden 4 monthsends in a comprehensive Dutch victory. |
1584 - 5 1  Siege of Antwerp many of its merchants flee to Amsterdam. |
1579  Union of Utrecht unifiesnorthern Netherlands, a foundation forlater Dutch Republic. |
1579  Union of Arras unifies southern Netherlands, a foundation forlater states ofSpanish Netherlands,Austrian Netherlands & Belgium |
|
| 1500s nt Fraeylemaborg Castle |
| 1500s nt Vredenburg Castle |
| 1504 - 09 Maurick Castle |
| 1540 Breda Castle |
| 1580 Seiged Bleijenbeek Castle |
|
|
| 13 - 1500 nt Slangenburg Castle |
|
French Netherlands
1810 - 3 3
|
Transition Period
1813 - 6 3
| 1815 British East India Company take Ceylon from Dutch . |
|
United Kingdom
of Netherlands
1816 - 1939 123
|
| 1895 - 1930 Saint Bavo Cathedral |
|
United Kingdom
of Netherlands
1816 - 1939 123
|
German Netherlands
1939 - 45 6
| 1940 Battle of Netherlands. Germany 22Div 1.4G 759T 830 22575 750 2.1X
7.3W1.4C VS Netherlands 2.3X 89W, UK #43X, France #216X 9Div 700G 1T 5ST 32AC 145 280 2+CivX |
1940 Battle of Gabon.   French Equatorial Africa (CAR, Chad, Gabon, Congo, Cameroon) UK, Free French VS German France 1Sl 1Su |
| 1940 Battle of Rotterdam. Netherlands Germany 1 #123 VS Netherlands 7 12A #185X |
| 1940 Battle of Zeeland. Netherlands Germany 7.5 #97X #300W VS Netherlands 10 #38X #115W, France 15 #229X #700W 3C, UK ? 25 #265X #815W 3C |
| 1940 Battle ofAfsluitdijk. Netherlands Netherlands #225 1GB 1X #2W 2CivX #10CivW VS Germany #500 69H 4 #5X #25+W |
| 1940 Battle of Grebbeberg. Netherlands Germany 1Div 1Bri 23 #275X VS Netherlands 1Div 1Bri 15 #417X |
| 1940 Battle forHague. Netherlands Netherlands VS Germany |
| 1940 Battle of Maastricht. Netherlands Germany #750 #47X VS Netherlands 1TDiv Panzer 1TDiv Flieger 343T 9 #183X 9AC 10 |
| 1940 Battle of Belgium. Germany 141Div 7.4G 2.4T 5.4 4Wor ?Ca #43PTX #100PTW VS Belgium, France, UK, Netherlands 144Div 14G 3.4T 2.5 222.4 #900 200C |
| 1940 Battle of Fort EbenEmael. Netherlands Germany #493 #43X #99W VS Belgium 1+ #60X #40W 1C |
| 1940 Battle of Hannut. Belgium Germany 2PTDiv 618T 49 111D 108A 1.3 25.9 #60X #80W VS France, Netherlands 2ArDiv 600AFV 121T 20.8 ? |
| 1940 Battle of France. Axis Germany 141Div 3.35M 157.6Cas 7.4G 2.4T #795 5.6 1.3 400D, Italy 300 6 163.7 VS Allies France 150, UK, Belgium, Netherlands, Canada, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Luxembourg 144Div 3.3M 2.26M 14G 4T 2.9 |
| 1942 Convoy PQ 17. Arctic Ocean Germany 9U(w/X) 33To 6B 5 VS UK, USA, USSR, Netherlands, Panama 6D 2AntAi 2Sub 11Sm 35M 24 #154 6Au |
| 1942 Operation Torch. Morocco, Algeria USA, UK, Free French, Canada, Netherlands 107 479+X 720W VS Germany 2Sub in Mor., Vichy France 60 1.3X 2W |
| 1944 Operation Overlord. France USA, UK, Canada, Free French, Poland, Czechloslovakia, Australia, New Zealand, Netherlands, Free Belgians, Greece, Luxembourg 1.5 Then 2M 226Cas 4.1 4T VS Germany 380 then 1M 2.3T&AG 2.2, 210450 2.1 13.619.9CivCas |
| 1944 Allied advance from Paris toRhine. France, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany USA 240 50.4X 172.5W 24.4CM, UK, Poland, Canada, France, + 5.4M VS Germany 1.5M |
| 1944 ClearingChannel Coast. France, Belgium Canada, UK, Poland, France, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Netherlands Vs Germany |
| 1944 Operation Market Garden. Netherlands, Germany UK, USA, Poland, Dutch Resistance 42.6PT 2IDiv 15.317.2 1ADiv 1ABri 88 144T VS Germany, German Netherlands 6.313.3 30T&SPG 159 |
| 1944 Battle of Arnhem Netherlands Germany, German Netherlands 1Div 1For 1.3X 2WVS UK, Poland 1AiDiv 1PTBri 2X 6.8C |
| 1944 Battle ofScheldt Belgium, Netherlands Canada 6.4, UK, Belgium, Netherlands, Norway, Poland 60 12.9 VS Germany 90 1012 41C |
| 1944 Battle of Clervaux Luxembourg Germany Div 2PTDiv + VS USA 2Reg 22.8 |
| 1945 Operation Blackcock Netherlands, Germany UK, Canada 2Div ComBri ArDiv 1.2 VS Germany 2Div 2PTReg HPTBat 2 |
| 1945 Operation Amherst Netherlands Free France 2PTBri #700 VS Germany Capture Canals |
| 1945 Battle of Groningen. Netherlands Canada 1214 #43X #166W VS Germany 77.5 #300X 5.2C |
| 1939 - 45 6 Battle ofAtlantic. Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Irish Sea, Labrador Sea, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Outer Banks, Arctic Ocean UK, Canada, USA (415 4), Newfoundland, Norway, Poland, Free French (405 5), Belgium, Brazil (425 3), Netherlands, France (3940) 36.2SaX 32MSX 3.5M 175W 3.7 VS Germany, Italy (403 3) 30SaX 783Sub |
| 1939 mi Battle of River Plate. Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Irish Sea, Labrador Sea, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Outer Banks, Arctic Ocean UK, Canada, USA (415 4), Newfoundland, Norway, Poland, Free French (405 5), Belgium, Brazil (425 3), Netherlands, France (3940) HC BD 2LC 2D 3D 72X 28WVS Germany, Italy (403 3)1PB Sc 30X 60W |
|
Post War Netherlands
1945 - 54 9 |
Kingdom of Netherlands
1954 - Present 55 |
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1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
|
|
1500s  Banknotes Reintroduced in Europe Italy & Flanders, Belgium |
| 1500s mi Aldenbiezen Castle |
| 1521 nt Our Lady Cathedral Antwerp |
|
mi @ Stavelot. Part of HRE
1600  Battle of Nieuwpoort |
1561  Belgic Confession of Protestant faith Guido de Bres draws up. |
1678  Battle of Saint-Denis |
1691  Battle of Leuze |
1692  Siege of Namur |
| 1692 mi Battle of Steenkerque |
| 1693 mi Battle of Landen |
1695  Battle of Namur |
|
1577 - 1640 63  Peter Paul Rubens Flemish Painter |
1593 - 1678 85  Jacob Jordaens Flemish Painter |
| 1620 - 3 3 mi Chateau de Baronville Castle |
| 1630s mi Rullingen Castle |
|
@ Stavelot. Part of HRE
1708  Battle of Holowczyn |
1708  Battle of Wijnendale  |
| 1745 mi Battle of Fonenoy |
| 1793 mi Battle of Neerwinden |
| 1794 mi Battle of Mouescron |
|
| 1749 - 1811 62 mi Louis Montoyer, Belgian architect |
| 1790 United States of Belgium proclaimed following Brabant Revolution. |
| 1728 - 40 12 mi Giuseppe Grisonis Carreer 1699 - 1769 70 Flemish Painter who worked in Florence. |
| 1700 mi bought jehaybohegne Castle |
| 1700s mi Leeuwergem Castle |
1700s  Seneffe Castle |
| 1708 Schloss Cappenberg Castle |
| 1758 - 70 12 Deulin Castle |
| 1782 - 4 2 mi Laeken Castle |
| 1783 mi Paleis Brussel Castle |
| 1787 - 9 2 mi Van Duras Castle |
1767  St Aubins Cathedral |
| 1776 - 80 nt Saint Jacquessur |
|
French Belgium
1795 - 1814 19 |
|
Kingdom of Belgium
1830 - Present 181
1865 - 1909 44 Leopold 2
1835 - 1909 74 ^
1909 - 34 25 Albert 1 ^<
| 1914 mi Battle of Ardennes River |
1917  Battle of Passchendaele Belgium |
1934 - 51 17 Leopold 3 1901 - 83 82 ^
1951 - 93 42 Baudouin 1930 - 93 63 ^
1993 - Present 18 Albert 2 (1934 Present 75) <
Belgium Empire
1901 - 62 61
|
| 1914 Liège, Belgium. 4 August17 Germans invade Belgium; start of World War I See Also a List of World War I Battles |
| 1914 Battle of Charleroi, Belgium. 21 August |
| 1914 Battle of Mons, Belgium. 23 August British forces hold Germans back. |
| 1915 Second Battle of Ypres, Belgium. (22 April 25 May) Germans use poison gas |
| 1918 2nd Battle ofLys. Belgium UK, (+Australia, Newfoundland), Portugal, Belgium, France, USA ? 120 VS Germany 800 120 |
| 1940 Battle of Belgium. Germany 141Div 7.4G 2.4T 5.4 4Wor ?Ca #43PTX #100PTW VS Belgium, France, UK, Netherlands 144Div 14G 3.4T 2.5 222.4 #900 200C |
| 1940 Battle of Fort EbenEmael. Netherlands Germany #493 #43X #99W VS Belgium 1+ #60X #40W 1C |
| 1940 Battle of Hannut. Belgium Germany 2PTDiv 618T 49 111D 108A 1.3 25.9 #60X #80W VS France, Netherlands 2ArDiv 600AFV 121T 20.8 ? |
| 1940 Battle of Gembloux. Belgium France 3MDiv 3Div 2+XWM VS Germany 2TDiv Panzer 35%T 3Div #304X #413W #29M |
| 1940 Battle of France. Axis Germany 141Div 3.35M 157.6Cas 7.4G 2.4T #795 5.6 1.3 400D, Italy 300 6 163.7 VS Allies France 150, UK, Belgium, Netherlands, Canada, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Luxembourg 144Div 3.3M 2.26M 14G 4T 2.9 |
| 1940 1 1 East African Campaign. Sudan, British Somaliland, Colonial Kenya, Italian Eritrea, Italian Somaliland, French Somaliland, Abyssinia UK, British Somaliland, Kenya Colony, British India, Gold Coast, Colonial Nigeria, N. Rhodesia, S. Rhodesia, Nyasaland, South Africa, Free Ethiopians, Belgium, Belgian Congo, Free French 20 then 250+ 4+ VS Italy 74, Italian E. Africa 182 Eritrean & Somalians 156 6+ 230C |
| 1944 Operation Overlord. France USA, UK, Canada, Free French, Poland, Czechloslovakia, Australia, New Zealand, Netherlands, Free Belgians, Greece, Luxembourg 1.5 Then 2M 226Cas 4.1 4T VS Germany 380 then 1M 2.3T&AG 2.2, 210450 2.1 13.619.9CivCas |
| 1944 Allied advance from Paris toRhine. France, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany USA 240 50.4X 172.5W 24.4CM, UK, Poland, Canada, France, + 5.4M VS Germany 1.5M |
| 1944 ClearingChannel Coast. France, Belgium Canada, UK, Poland, France, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Netherlands Vs Germany |
| 1944 Siege of Dunkirk. France Canada, UK, Czechoslovakia, France, Belgian Resistance VS Germany |
| 1944 Battle of Moerbrugge. Belgium Canada #5X #26W VS Germany #700X #150C |
| 1944 - 5 Battle of Hürtgen Forest. GermanBelgian Border Germany 80 28 VS USA 120 33 (w/ 9 NCCas) |
| 1944 Battle ofScheldt. Belgium, Netherlands Canada 6.4, UK, Belgium, Netherlands, Norway, Poland 60 12.9 VS Germany 90 1012 41C |
| 1944 - 5 1 Battle ofBulge. Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany USA 89.5 19X 47.5W 23CM 800T, UK 1.4 #200X #969W #239M, Canada, Free Belgians, Free Luxembourg 83 4IDiv 1ADiv 394A#242T To 610 20IDiv 9ADiv 4.2A 1.6T 182AFV 6 VS Germany 200 8IDiv 5ADiv 340+T 280+AFV 1.6A 955RL Rien 100 12IDiv 3â…”ADiv 440+T 440+AFV 600T&AG 2.4 500T 67.2100XMC 100s 3CiX |
| 1944 Battle of St. Vith. Belgium Germany 2GrDiv 1Bri 1PTDiv 100+ 500T VS USA, UK 1IDiv 2ADiv 22 12.5XWCM 88T 25AC |
| 1944 Battle of Foy. Belgium USA, Canada VS Germany Town taken |
| 1944 Battle of Lanzerath Ridge. Belgium Germany Bat 2Reg Div#500 GrDiv20 #20X #63W #13M VS USA In&ScPla Reg Div18 A4 #1X #14W #20C |
| 1944 Losheim Gap. Belgium Germany 25 #200X #300W200+T 112T VS USA 5 #450X 1+W 2.3C 20LT 12MT 32T |
| 1945 Operation Bodenplatte. Belgium, Netherlands, France Canada, New Zealand, Poland, UK 2nd AF, USA 8th&9thAF VS Germany Cor 2Div |
| 1939 45 6 Battle of Atlantic. Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Irish Sea, Labrador Sea, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Outer Banks, Arctic Ocean UK, Canada, USA (415 4), Newfoundland, Norway, Poland, Free French (405 5), Belgium, Brazil (425 3), Netherlands, France (3940) 36.2SaX 32MSX 3.5M 175W 3.7 VS Germany, Italy (403 3) 30SaX 783Sub |
| 1939 Battle ofRiver Plate. Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Irish Sea, Labrador Sea, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Outer Banks, Arctic Ocean UK, Canada, USA (415 4), Newfoundland, Norway, Poland, Free French (405 5), Belgium, Brazil (425 3), Netherlands, France (3940) HC BD 2LC 2D 3D 72X 28WVS Germany, Italy (403 3)1PB Sc 30X 60W |
|
|
French County of Flanders
862 - 1794 932
1568 Mercator Projection Map
1512 - 94 82  Gerardus Mercator Cartographer |
|
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Habsburg Netherlands
1482 - 1794 312
 Brussels |
1543  Workings of Human Body
1514 - 64 50  Andreas Vesalius B Belgium D Greece anatomist, physician, wrote |
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Prince-Bishopric of Liège
980 - 1789 809
1565  Battle of Oosterweel |
|
|
|
United States of Belgium
1790 1 |
|
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|
|
1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
|
|
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg |
|
| 1613 - 1938 325 NotreDame Cathedral, Luxembourg |
|
| 1724 Stadtbredimus Castle |
| 1753 BettangesurMess Castle |
| 1775 Septfontaines, Rollingergrund |
|
| 1898 mi Stolzembourg Castle |
|
| 1914 Battle of Ardennes. Luxembourg. 21 August |
| 1940 Battle of France. Axis Germany 141Div 3.35M 157.6Cas 7.4G 2.4T #795 5.6 1.3 400D, Italy 300 6 163.7 VS Allies France 150, UK, Belgium, Netherlands, Canada, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Luxembourg 144Div 3.3M 2.26M 14G 4T 2.9 |
| 1944 Allied advance from Paris toRhine. France, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany USA 240 50.4X 172.5W 24.4CM, UK, Poland, Canada, France, + 5.4M VS Germany 1.5M |
| 1944 - 5 Battle ofBulge. Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany USA 89.5 19X 47.5W 23CM 800T, UK 1.4 #200X #969W #239M, Canada, Free Belgians, Free Luxembourg 83 4IDiv 1ADiv 394A#242T To 610 20IDiv 9ADiv 4.2A 1.6T 182AFV 6 VS Germany 200 8IDiv 5ADiv 340+T 280+AFV 1.6A 955RL Rien 100 12IDiv 3â…”ADiv 440+T 440+AFV 600T&AG 2.4 500T 67.2100XMC 100s 3CiX |
| 1944 Battle of Clervaux. Luxembourg Germany Div 2PTDiv + VS USA 2Reg 22.8 |
| 1944 Elsenborn Ridge. Belgium USA 4Div 28 5XM VS Germany 4GrDiv 56 + PTDiv 114T&V |
| 1944 Operation Stösser. Germany USA 3 300T VS Germany PTReg #300 #200 |
| 1945 Siege of Bastogne. Belgium USA PTDiv 22.8+ 3+Ca VS Germany 54+ |
| 1945 Operation Bodenplatte. Belgium, Netherlands, France Canada, New Zealand, Poland, UK 2nd AF, USA 8th&9thAF VS Germany Cor 2Div |
|
|
1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
|
|
1547 - 59 mi Henry 2
Diane 1956 1553 - 1615 62 Margot
Queen Margot 1994 |
1551  Bible Sectioned into verses Robert Stephens |
1553 - 1610 57  French Wars of Religion & reunitedkingdom under his command |
| 1491 - 1557 66 Jacques Cartier Explorer. Discovered Canada. |
| 1557 Battle of St. Quentin |
| 1558 Siege of Calais |
| 1558 Battle of Gravelines |
| 1559 60 1 Francis 2 |
1560 Case of Martin Guerre Imposter
Le Retour de Martin Guerre (The Return of Martin Guerre) 1982 |
| 1560 - 74 14 Charles 9 |
1562 - 98 36 French Wars of Religion. Politiques Huguenots
England VS Catholic League
Spain
| 1562 Massacre of Wassy & inFrench Wars of Religion. |
| 1562 Battle of Dreux |
| 1509 - 64 55 John Calvin Theologian, Reformer, Founder of Calvinism |
| 1503 - 66 63 Michel Nostradamus French astrologer & doctor, author of Les Propheties, a book of world prophecies |
1503 - 66 36  Nostradamus was born on either December 14, or December 21. |
| 1569 Battle of La Roche-l'Abeille |
| 1569 Battle of Montcontour |
1574 - 89 15 Henry 3
1577 Lorraine DeMonmort Castle
| 1587 Battle of Coutras |
| 1587 Battle of Vimory |
| 1588 Battle of Gravelines |
| 1589 - 1610 21 Henry 4 |
|
1553 - 1615 62 mi Queen Margot
Queen Margot 1994 |
|
| 15 - 1600s Castres Cathedral |
| 15 - 1600s Le Havre Cathedral |
| 1500s Entrevaux Cathedral |
| 1506 - 31 25 Condom Cathedral |
| 1520 Dol Cathedral tower started |
| 1541 - 1704 63 Rennes Cathedral |
| 1541 - 1704 63 Rennes ProCathedral |
| 1552 Maillezais Cathedral Destroyed |
| 1593 Ajaccio Cathedral |
|
1589 1610 21 Henry 4
French Empire
1605 |
1600s  France witchcraft persecution
Devils 1971 |
1618 48 30 30 Years War United Provinces
Sweden
Bohemia
DenmarkNorway 1625 - 9 4 France
Saxony
Electoral Palatinate
Brunswick Lüneburg England BrandenburgPrussia
Transylvania
Hungarian AntiHabsburg Rebels Zaporozhian Cossacks Ottoman Empire Holy Roman Empire
Catholic League Austria Bavaria Kingdom of Hungary[10] Kingdom of Croatia Spain & its possessions
Denmark / Norway 1643 - 5 2 |
1610 43 33  Louis 13
=Anne of Austria1601 66 65
3 Musketeers 1935 1939 1948 1973
|
1610  Orion Nebula is identified by Nicolas de Peiresc of France |
1612  1st Flintlock Musket for Louis 13 of France by gunsmith Marin de Bourgeoys |
| 1621 mi Centre Sancerre Castle |
1624 42 18  Cardinal Richelieu 1585 - 1642 57 centralises power in France As chief minister
UnderRed Robe 1937
Cardinal Richelieu 1935
1627  Siege of La Rochelle Cardinal Richelieu Vs Protestant eventually capitulates. |
1567 1635 68  Samuel De Champlain Explorer |
|
1635 59 24  Franco-Spanish War France, Spain, Netherlands, Italy. France vs Spain
1637  Pierre de Fermat formulates his socalled Last Theorem, unsolved until 1995. France. |
1641  Meditations on First Philosophy by René Descartes |
| 1642 nt Battle of Honnecourt |
1643 Pays de la Loire Clermont Castle
| 1596 - 1650 54 mi René Descartes Philosopher, Mathematician |
|
1642  Mechanical Calculator Blaise Pascal inventscalled Pascals calculator. France. |
1643 - 1715 72 mi Louie 14
Rise of Louis 14 1966
Vatel 2000 |
1635 - 1719 84  Françoise dAubigné, Marquise de Maintenon, second wife of Louis XIV
1588 - 1648 60  Marin Mersenne, Theologian, Philosopher, Mathematician Music Theorist "Father of Acoustics" |
1593 - 1652 59  Georges de La Tour Painter |
1648 - 53 5 Fronde civil war
1650 - 3 3 mi 2nd Fronde
| 1652 mi Battle of Dunganess |
| 1652 mi Battle of Bleneau |
|
|
1592 - 1655 63  Pierre Gassendi Philosopher, Priest, Scientist, Astronomer, Astrologer, Mathematician |
1602 - 61 59  Cardinal Mazarin Cardinal & Politician from Italy |
1623 - 62 39  Blaise Pascal Theologian, Mathematician, Physicist |
1662  Jacques AymarVernay Reintroduced Dowsing into popular use in Europe |
| 1663 France takes full political & military control over its colonial possessions in New France. |
1594 - 1665 71  Nicolas Poussin Classical Painter |
1673 alsace Rohan Castle
| 1652 - 87 35 fl mi Jean Baptiste Lullys 1632 - 87 55 Italian born composer regarded asfather of French opera |
1667 - 8 1  War of Devolution Netherlands, France. France vs Spain,
England,
Sweden,
Dutch Republic France invades Netherlands
| 1668 Peace of Aixla Chapelle |
|
| 1672 Rampjaar inNetherlands Combined attack by France, England & two German states onRepublic ofUnited Provinces. |
1672 - 8 6 FrancoDutch War.
| 1622 - 73 51 Molière Dramatist Actor, Director |
| 1677 Battle of Cassel |
| 1677 Battle of Marstrand |
| 1678 Treaty of Nijmegen endshostilities with France |
|
| 1674 Treaty of Westminster endswar between England andRepublic ofUnited Provinces. |
| 1682 La Salle Explores Length of Mississippi River & claims Louisiana for France |
1606 - 84 78  Pierre Corneille Dramatist |
| 1685 Edict of Fontainebleau outlaws Protestantism in France. |
1688 - 97 9 9 Yrs War Grand Alliance sought to stop French expansion duringNine Years War.
| 1692 Battle of Balfleur & La Hogue. |
| 1605 - 94 89 Ismaël Bullialdus Astronomer |
| 1694 Battle of Camaret. |
|
1693 - 4 1  Famine France kills 2M |
1621 - 95 74  Jean de La Fontaine Poet |
1639 - 99 60  Jean Racine Dramatist |
|
| 1600s Auvergne Chazeron Castle |
| 1600s Burgundy Arcy Castle |
| 1600s Centre dAzayleFerron Castle |
| 1600s Lorraine Longwy Castle |
| 1600s Montpellier Cathedral Rebuilt |
| 1600s Uzès Cathedral Facade |
| 1620 mi Quimper Cathedral Fire |
| 1642 - 1762 Sospel Cathedral |
| 1671 - 8 St Louis Cathedral, Les Invalides |
| 1692 - 1739 Montauban Cathedral |
| 1694 Alès Cathedral Diocese Established |
| 1694 mi Dax Cathedral |
1696 - 1703  Cambrai Cathedral |
|
| 1716 - 91 75 mi Étienne Maurice Falconet Sculptor |
| 1759 - 94 35 mi Georges Danton Revolutionary Leader |
| 1743 - 94 51 mi Antoine Lavoisier Chemist, considered father of modern chemistry |
1798  Napoleon 1769 - 1821 52 came to power & took  Pope prisoner
Napoleon 2003 1927
Pride and Passion 1957
Battle of Austerlitz 1960 Napoleon
Waterloo 1970
Sharpes Waterloo 2006
Sea Devils 1953
Conquest 1937
Desiree 1954
1792 - 1815 23 Great French War started as French Revolutionary Wars which lead intoNapoleonic Wars.
1792 - 1802 10  French Revolutionary Wars
1792 - 7 5 mi War of 1st Coalition. France. French Rep., French satellite states
& Polish Legions Vs HRE,
Prussia,
GB,
French Royalists,
Spain,
Portugal, Sardinia,
Naples, Sicily,
Other Italian states,
Ottomans,
Dutch Rep.
| 1755 - 93 38 Marie Antoinette, Austrianborn Queen of France |
| 1743 - 93 50 mi JeanPaul Marat Journalist |
1792  Battle of Jemappes Belgium France 403 100G 2 VS HRE 13.8 1.25 56G 5G |
| 1793 Britain declares war against France |
1793 - 5 2  Flanders Campaign. Belgium, France, Netherlands France VS Dutch Rep.,
HRE,
GB,
Prussia,
Hanover,
HesseKassel
| 1793 mi Battle of Meribel |
| 1793 mi Battle of Gilette |
1793 - 6 3  Revolt in Vendée against French Republic attime ofRevolution |
| 1793 mi Battle of Neerwinden Belgium Austria 39 2 VS France 45 4 |
| 1793 mi Battle of Famars France Austria, Hanover, GB 53 1.1XW VS France 27 3XW #300C 17C 14AW 3S |
1793  Battle of Hondschoote France France 40 3 VS GB, Hanover, HesseKassel 24 4 |
1793  Battle of Wattignies France French Rep. 45 5 VS Austria 30 3 |
| 1793 mi Battle of Mouscron Belgium France VS Austria |
| 1768 - 93 25 mi Charlotte Corday Revolutionary |
| 1793 mi Battle of Woerth |
| 1793 mi Battle of Geisberg |
1794  Battle of Boulou |
1794  Battle of Tourcoing France France 70 3XW 7GC VS GB, Austria 74 4X 1.5W 60GC |
1794  Battle of Fleurus Belgium French Rep. 70 12C 5 100G 1G VS Austria, Dutch Rep., BrunswickLüneburg, GB 52.5 18C 5 111G 1G |
| 1794 mi Battle of Boxtel Netherlands French Rep. VS GB, Dutch Rep., Austria 32 |
1794  Glorious 1st of June Atlantic Ocean French Rep. VS GB |
|
1793 - 6 3 mi War in Vendée France. Republic Coasts of La Rochelle, Coasts of Brest, Mainz,
West, Coasts of Cherbourg,
Republican Vendeans,
Local National Guards 13050 30X Vs Royalists, Catholics, Chouans,
Royalist Vendeans, Émigrés
& Great Britain. 80 130TX
170200TX
Both Sides
| 1793 mi Battle of Cholet Republicans 26 4XW VS Royalists, Catholics Vendees 40 8XWM 12C |
| 1793 mi Battle of Savenay Republicans 18So #30X #200W VS Vendeens, Chouans 6So 7C 46No 46X 24Cexecuted |
| 1758 - 94 36 mi Maximilien Robespierre Revolutionary Leader |
| 1794 Battle of Tourcoing |
| 1726 - 95 69 mi François André Danican Philidor Composer & Chess Master |
| 1795 mi Marseillaise Adopted as National Anthem. |
|
1797 nt French Invasion & Partition of Republic of Venice ended over 1,000 years of independence forSerene Republic.
1795  Battle of Loano Italy France 25 3 VS Austria, Sardinia 18 7 48G |
1796  Battle of Montenotte Italy France 914 #880 18G VS Austria, Sardinia 4.59 #6962.5 12G 12G |
| 1796 mi Battle of Millesimo Italy France 9 #700XW VS Austria, Sardinia #988 #96X #892C |
| 1796 mi 2nd Battle of Dego Italy France 14th:12 15th:15 14th:1.5 15th:#938Cas VS Austria, Sardinia 14th:5.7 15th:3.5 14th:3 15th:1.8Cas |
1796  Battle of Mondovì Italy France 17.5 #600 VS Sardinia 13 1.6 8C |
| 1796 mi Battle of Fombio Italy France 11.5 #450 VS Austria 6.6 <#568 |
| 1796 mi Battle of Borghetto Italy France 28 #500 VS Austria 19 #572 |
1796 7 1  Siege of Mantua Italy France 16 7XW VS Austria 1420 18X 16C |
| 1796 nt Battle of Rovereto Italy France 20 #750 VS Austria 10 3 25G 7Co |
1796  Battle of Bassano Italy France 20 #400XWM VS Austria 11 #600XW 24C 30C 8S |
1796  Battle of Arcole Italy France 20 3.5XW 1.3CM VS Austria 24 2.2XW 4C 11GC |
| 1796 mi Battle of Theiningen Germany Austria VS France |
| 1796 mi Battle of Emmendingen Germany Austria VS France |
1797  Battle of Cape St Vincent Portugal GB 15L 5F 1S 1C #73X #327W VS Spain 27L 7F 4C #250X #550W 3C |
1797  Battle of Rivoli Italy France 23 3.25 VS Austria 28 1214 |
| 1797 mi Treaty of Campo Formio Austrian Netherlands to France & Rhine as French Border. Austria & France partition Venice |
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|
1798 - 1800 2  Quasi War between United States & France |
1798 - 1802 4  War 2nd Coalition
1799  Coup détat by Napoleon staged a & became First Consul of France. |
1799  1st Battle of Zurich Switzerland Austria 40 3.5 VS France 30 1.7 |
1799  2nd Battle of Zurich Switzerland France 75 ? VS Russia 24, Austria 22 46 22 |
| 1732 - 99 67 mi Pierre Beaumarchais Writer |
1800  Battle of Marengo Italy France 24 24G 1.1X 3.6W #900MC 5.6 VS Austria 22 55G 15GC 40CoC1X 5.5W 2.9C 9.4 |
1800  Battle of Hohenlinden Germany France 42 11.8C 3XW 99G 1GC VS Austria, Bavaria 46.1 14.1C 4.6XW 9C 214G 76GC
1801  Treaty of Lunéville
Austria enforces Treaty of Campo Formio.
France Gets east bank of Rhine & GD of Tuscany.
Bishopriocs of Trento & Brixen go to Austria |
|
1801  Battle of Copenhagen Denmark UK 12L 5F 7B 6O VS DenmarkNorway 24 11O 12C 2S 1E 1LB 1.68XW 2C
| 1802 Treaty of Amiens UK regognizes French Rep. |
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| 1700s mi Franche Comté Castle DArlay |
1700s  Nancy Cathedral |
1743 - 1843  Versailles Cathedral |
1743  Toul Cathedral Consecrated |
1748 - 60  Choisy Cathedral |
|
French Empire 2
1803 - 1977 170
End of Empire was formally recognized withend of French presence in Comores.
| 1741 - 1803 62 mi Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Writer |
1803 - 14 11 Napoleonic War between Britain & France War breaks out between Britain & France; this is considered by some to bebeginning of.
1803 - 5 2 War of 3rd Coalition. France,
Batavia,
Italy,
Etruria,
Spain,
Bavaria,
Württemberg VS HRE,
Russia,
Portugal, UK,
Naples, Sicily,
Sweden
| 1804 Haiti Independent from France 1st Black Republic. |
1804  Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of French |
| 1725 - 1805 80 mi Jean Baptiste Greuze Painter |
1805  Battle of Trafalgar eliminates French & Spanish naval fleets & allows for British dominance of seas, a major factor forsuccess of British Empire later incentury. |
| 1805 mi Battle of Wertingen Germany France 12 #200+XW VS Austria 5.5 #400XW 2.9C |
1805  Treaty of Pressburg
HRE becomes Austria. |
|
| 1732 - 1806 74 mi Jean Honoré Fragonard Painter |
|
1804 - 69 65  Allan Kardec Spiritist Doctrine |
|
1805 - 10 5 Franco-Swedish War Napoleonic Wars 1st French Empire vs Sweden
| 1805 Battle of Austerlitz Napoleon decisively defeats a AustrianRussian army at. |
|
| 1812 French invasion of Russia is a turning point inNapoleonic Wars. |
| 1736 - 1813 77 mi Joseph Louis Lagrange Italian/French Math & Physicist |
| 1740 - 1814 74 mi Marquis de Sade Writer, Philosopher |
|
1815 mi Hundred Days
War of Seventh Coalition. France, Belgium, Italy. United Kingdom,
Kingdom of Prussia,
Kingdom of France,
Kingdom of Hanover,
German Confederation,
Austrian Empire,
Russian Empire,
Sweden,
Netherlands,
Spain,
Kingdom of Portugal,
Kingdom of Sardinia,
Kingdom ofTwo Sicilies,
Grand Duchy of Tuscany vs First French Empire,
Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples.
1815  Battle of Waterloo Napoleons defeat at brings a conclusion toNapoleonic Wars & marksbeginning of a Pax Britannica which lasts until 1870.
 Napoleon banished from England |
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1816  Year Without a Summer: Unusually cold conditions wreak havoc throughoutNorthern Hemisphere, likely caused by1815 explosion of Mount Tambora. |
1819  Raft of Medusa painted by Théodore Géricault paints his masterpiece , & exhibits it inFrench Salon of 1819 atLouvre. French |
1871 - 1922 51  Marcel Proust Novelist, Critic, Essayist |
| 1791 - 1824 33 mi Théodore Géricault artist, painter & lithographer |
| 1748 - 1825 77 mi JacquesLouis David Painter |
| 1830 July Revolution
of 1830 French Revolution House of Orléans House of Bourbon |
|
July Monarchy
1830 1848 18 |
| 1830 - 1848 18 Louis Philip 1 |
| 1763 - 1831 68 mi Antoine Ignace Melling French-German painter, Architect |
1831  France invades & occupies Algeria |
| 1757 - 1833 76 mi Adrien Marie Legendre Mathematician |
| 1765 - 1833 68 Nicéphore Niépce Pioneer inventor of photography |
1839 - 60 21  Opium Wars France,United Kingdom,United States & Russia gained many concessions from China resulting indecline ofQing Dynasty.
| 1796 - 1846 50 Baptiste Deburau Bohemian/French Actor & Mime. |
| 1768 - 1848 80 FrançoisRené de Chateaubriand Writer, Politician, Diplomat, Historian |
| 1848 French Revolution of 1848 |
|
|
2nd Republic of France
1848 - 1852 4 |
1839 - 60 21 Opium Wars
| 1783 - 1842 39 Stendhal (MarieHenri Beyle). Realist Writer |
| 1810 - 49 39 Frédéric Chopin FrenchPolish Composer, Pianist |
| 1787 - 1851 64 Louis Daguerre Inventor of daguerreotype process of photography, chemist |
1809 - 52 43  Louis Braille Inventor of Braille |
| 1768 - 1852 84 mi Antoine de Lhoyer Composer & Guitarist |
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|
| 1839 - 60 21 Opium Wars, |
1861 - 7 6  French intervention in Mexico & creation of 2nd Mexican Empire ruled by Maximilian 1 of Mexico & his consort Carlota
| 1798 - 1863 65 mi Eugène Delacroix Impresionist, Lithographer |
1780 - 1867 87  Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres Neoclassical painter |
1819 - 68 49  Léon Foucault Physicist |
1803 - 69 66  Hector Berlioz Romantic Composer |
| 1802 - 70 68 mi Alexandre Dumas Historic Novelist |
|
|
1870 - 1 1  Franco-Prussian War France, Germany. North German Confederation,
Kingdom of Bavaria,
Baden,
Kingdom of Württemberg vs Second French Empire
|
1814 - 74 60  Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg Archaeologist |
| 1874 mi Impressionists exhibition Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, & Graveurs, better known today asImpressionists organize & present their first public group exhibition atParis studio of photographer Nadar. |
1796 - 1875 79  Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot |
| 1796 - 1875 79 Camille Corotlandscape painter & printmaker in etching |
1838 - 75 37  Georges Bizet Opera Composer |
| 1800 - 76 76 mi Frédérick Lemaître Actor |
| 1804 - 76 72 mi George Sand novelist & memoirist |
1819 - 77 58  Gustave Courbet Realist Painter |
| 1804 - 79 75 mi Hércules Florence French-Brazilian photographer |
1808 - 79 71  Honoré Daumier
printmaker, caricaturist, painter, sculptor |
1821 - 80 59  Gustave Flaubert Novelist |
1814 - 82 68  Jules Etienne Joseph Quicherat Archaeologist |
| 1832 - 83 51 mi Édouard Manet Painter |
1884 - 5 1  Sino-French War led toformation of French Indochina. |
1860 - 87 27  Jules Laforgue French / Uruguayan Symbolist Poet |
| 1888 French take Madacasgar |
| 1888 French IndoChina formed |
1889  Eiffel tower Inaugurated |
| 1842 - 90 48 mi Louis Le Prince French motion picture inventor & pioneer filmmaker |
1809 - 91 82  Baron Haussmann French Civic Planner |
1859 - 91 32  Georges Seurat Post Impressionist painter & draftsman |
1851 - 91 40  Arthur Rimbaud Decadent Poet |
1894  IOC International Olympic Commitee Pierre de Coubertin 1st Olympics Athens 1896 |
1841 - 95 54  Berthe Morisot Painter |
1822 - 95 73  Louis Pasteur Microbiologist & Chemist |
1844 - 96 52  Paul Verlaine Symbolist Poet |
1826 - 98 72  Gustave Moreau Symbolist Painter |
1842 - 98 56  Stéphane Mallarmé Symbolist poet & critic |
|
| 1800s mi Chalon Cathedral |
1801  Absorbed in to Diocese of Nice. Grasse Cathedral |
1801  Bishopreic of Mende created. Cathedral |
1801  Bishopric of Ajaccio. Calvi Cathedral |
1801  Bishopric of Orange Supressed. Cathedral |
1801  Bishopric of Riez Abolished. Cathedral |
| 1801 mi Bishopric of Tréguier Abolished. Cathedral |
1801  Bishopric of Vence Abolished. Cathedral |
1801  Diocese of Avignon Added. Apt Cathedral |
1801  Diocese of Grenoble. Die Cathedral |
1801  Diocese of Nice Added. Antibes Cathedral |
1801  SaintOmer Cathedral Absorbed into Diocese of Arras |
| 1808 - 18 mi Mâcon Cathedral |
1827 - 75  Boulogne Cathedral |
1830  Nice Cathedral Facade |
1840 - 2  Annecy Cathedral |
1852 - 96  Marseille Cathedral |
1854 - 1913  Lille Cathedral |
1855  Laval Cathedral |
1866 - 1905  Gap Cathedral |
| 1877 mi Lodève Cathedral Restored |
| 1887 - 97 10 mi Nouméa Cathedral |
|
1900 - 45 45  French Colonialism in Africa
Noirs et blancs en couleur (Black & White in Color) 1976
Coup de Torchon (Clean Slate) 1975 |
1864 - 1901 37  Henri de ToulouseLautrec Painter, Printmaker, Draughtsman, Illustrator |
1840 - 1902 62  Émile Zola Naturalist Writer |
1836 - 1902 68  James Tissot Painter |
1830 - 1903 73  Camille Pissarro. Impressionist & NeoImpressionist painter |
1848 - 1903 55  Paul Gauguin. PostImpressionist artist |
1828 - 1905 77  Jules Verne Novelist, Poet, Playwright |
1859 - 1906 47  Pierre Curie Physicist |
1839 - 1906 67  Paul Cézanne artist & Post Impressionist painter |
1852 - 1908 56  Henri Becquerel physicist |
| 1820 - 1910 90 mi Nadar aka Gaspard Félix Tournachon Portrait photographer |
1844 - 1910 66  Henri Rousseau Artist & PostImpressionist painter |
| 1830 - 1904 74 ÉtienneJules Marey Pioneer motion photographer, chronophotographer |
1912 - 23 SaintÉtienne Cathedral
|
1912  Russian Orthodox Cathedral, Nice Consecrated |
| 1914 Battle of Mulhouse France |
| 1914 Battle of Lorraine France |
| 1914 Battle of Charmes France |
| 1914 Battle of Le Cateau France |
| 1914 Battle of St Quentin France |
| 1914 Battle of Le Maubeuge France |
| 1914 1st Battle of Marne France |
| 1914 1st Battle of Aisne France |
| 1916 3rd Battle of Isonzo France |
| 1916 Battle of Verdun France |
| 1916 1st Day on Somme River France |
| 1916 Battle of Bazentin Ridge France |
| 1916 Battle of Fromelles France |
| 1916 Battle of Pozieres France |
| 1917 Battle of Vimy Ridge France |
| 1917 Battle of Cambrai France |
| 1918 Battle of Cantigny France |
| 1918 Battle of Beleau Wood France |
| 1918 Battle of Hamel France |
| 1918 2nd Battle of Marne River France |
| 1918 Battle of Chateau-Thierry France |
| 1918 Battle of Amiens France |
| 1918 Battle of Havrincourt France |
| 1918 Battle of Havrincourt France |
1841 - 1919 78  Pierre Auguste Renoir Impressionist painter |
1835 - 1921 86  Camille SaintSaëns Composer, Organist, Conductor, Pianist |
1921  Scaramouche by Sabatini 1875 - 1950 472M 17;12;02 |
1840 - 1926 86  Claude Monet impressionist painting |
1926  Paris Mosque france |
1867 - 1934 67  Marie Curie Physicist, Chemist PolishFrench |
|
1862 - 1954 92  Auguste & Louis Lumière Filmmakers, Inventors |
1798 - 1957 59  Auguste Comte Philosopher |
|
| 1992 ÃŽledeFrance Parisslott Castle |
1973 - 7 Tai o Hae Cathedral
|
| 1995 - 2004 Holy Trinity Cathedral of Tbilisi |
|
1995  Corbeil Cathedral |
1995  Évry Grand Mosque France |
|
|
1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
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| 1633 Principality recognized by Spain |
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| 1633 - 62 29 mi Honoré 2 |
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| 1732 - 84 52 Chevalier de Grimaldi Regent |
|
|
| 1815 - 9 4 Honoré Grimaldi (Honoré 5) |
|
|
2nd Principality of Monaco
1814 - Present 197
| 2005 Prince Albert, Marquis of Baux (Albert 2) Regent |
| 2005 - Present 6 Albert 2 |
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1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
|
|
mi @ Baden
| 1500 mi Arenenberg Castle |
| 1500 nt Fortified Church of St. Arbogast |
1529  1st war of Kappel Switzerland. Protestants:
Zürich vs Catholics: Uri
Schwyz
Zug |
1531  2nd war of Kappel Catholics:
Uri
Schwyz
Zug Protestants:
Zürich
| 1531 mi Battle of Kappel |
|
1516 - 65 49  Konrad Gessner was a Swiss naturalist, bibliographer, Botanist, His threevolume Historiae animalium 1551 - 8 7 is considered beginning of modern zoology |
1565  Graphite Pencil by Conrad Gesner. |
|
|
@ Baden
| 1636 nt Brestenberg Castle |
|
|
@ Baden
| 1740 mi Kyburg Castle Herrliberger |
1784  Oil Lamp by Aimé Argand |
| 1702 - 89 87 mi Jean Étienne Liotard Painter |
| 1700 - 82 82 mi Daniel Bernoulli Mathematician & Physicist |
| 1707 - 83 66 mi Leonhard Euler Mathematician |
|
|
1803  Act of Mediation. Confederates it again. |
1812  Modern Graphite Pencil |
1848  Civil War |
|
1863  International Red Cross |
| 1864 1st Geneva Convention |
| 1870 nt Meggenhorn Castle |
|
1828 - 1905 77  Meyer Guggenheim Family patriarch, Swiss mining |
1856 - 1930 64  Daniel Guggenheim (copper) |
1827 - 1901 74  Arnold Bocklin |
1825 - 98 73  Johann Jakob Balmer Mathematician, Physicist |
|
| 1902 Anthroposophical Society Rudolf Steiner CroatianGerman. Centered in Switzerland. All over. |
| 1905 Jungs Psychology of Unconscious. Switzerland. |
|
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1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
|
|
| |
@ Liechtenstein
1608 - 27 19  Karl 1 |
| 1627 - 84 57 nt Karl Eusebius |
1699 - 1712 13  Hans Adam 1 |
|
|
@ Liechtenstein
| 1699 - 1712 13 HansAdam 1 |
1712 - 8 6  Joseph Wenzel 1 |
1718 - 21 3  Anton Florian |
| 1721 - 32 11 Joseph Johann Adam |
| 1732 - 45 13 Joseph Wenzel 1 |
| 1732 - 48 16 Johann Nepomuk Karl |
| 1748 - 72 24 Joseph Wenzel 1 |
| 1772 - 81 9 Franz Joseph 1 |
|
|
|
@ Liechtenstein
| 1938 - 89 51 Franz Joseph 2 |
| 1989 - Present 22 HansAdam 2 |
|
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|
1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
|
|
1500  Battle of Hemmingstedt |
1500  Portable Watch by Peter Henlein |
| 1503 - 5 2 mi Landshut War of Succession Duchy of BavariaMunich wins Duchy of BavariaLandshut &
County Palatinate ofRhine lose |
1515  Slovenian peasant revolt of 1515 Holy Roman Empire Slovenian rebels |
| 1515 Protestantism Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli & John Calvi |
1517  95 Theses at Wittemberg Martin Luther Catholic priest broke from Roman Catholic Church. salvation by faith alone. He nullified church sacraments. Bible above both church & Pope as highest authority. individual interpretation of scripture. rejected Greek Old Testament |
1519 - 56 37  Charles 5 1500 - 58 58 ^^ Maximilian 1 HRE 1530 - 56 26 x1558
1st * King of Spain. Involved in almost constant conflict with France & Ottoman Empire while promotingSpanish colonization ofAmericas
| 1521 mi Diet at Worms Attended by Luther |
| 1525 mi Bramberg Castle Bavaria |
1524 - 25 1 German Peasants War inHoly Roman Empire.
1525  Battle of Frankenhausen |
|
1529  Lutheran Protest Written |
| 1530 1st Protestant creed Augsburg |
1471 - 1528 57  Albrecht Dürer Painter, Engraver, Printmaker, Mathematician, & Theorist |
1531 - 64 33  Ferdinand 1 < HRE 1558 64 6 Charles 5 last crowned in Aachen Cathedral
| 1500s Merian Erichsburg Lower Saxony |
| 1500s mi Burgruine Hardenstein North Rhine Westphalia |
| 1524 - 6 2 German Peasants War Swabian League German Peasant Army |
1533  Spinning Wheel revolutionizes textile production in Europe. Brunswick |
| 1534 Affair of Placards Francis becomes more active in repression of French Protestants. |
1535  Münster Rebellion, an attempt of radical, millennialist, Anabaptists to establish a theocracy ends in bloodshed. |
| 1542 War resumes between Francis I of France & Emperor Charles V. This time Henry VIII is allied toEmperor, while James V of Scotland & Sultan Suleiman I are allied toFrench. |
1497 - 1543 46  Hans Holbein Younger artist |
| 1543 mi Ehrenburg Bavaria |
| 1546 mi Moritzburg Saxony |
1483 - 1546 63 Martin Luther Religious Reformer
Luther 1973
Luther 2003
Martin Luther 1953 |
1546 - 7 1 mi Schmalkaldic War Empire of Charles 5:
Spain Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Saxony Schmalkaldic League:
Electorate of Saxony
Hesse
| 1547 mi Battle of Muhlberg |
|
| 1549 mi Ahlden Eingang Lower Saxony |
| 1551 mi Fallersleben Lower Saxony |
1493 - 1553 60  François Rabelais French Author |
| 1547 mi Battle of Mühlberg Emperor Charles 5 decisively dismantlesSchmalkaldic League at, Germany. |
| 1549 mi Ahlden Eingang Lower Saxony |
| 1472 - 1553 81 nt Lucas Cranach Elder Painter |
| 1554 Battle of Renty |
1556  De re metallica Georgius Agricola,"Father of Mineralogy", publishes his . Germany |
| 1563 Fierce religious wars between new faiths throughout Europe. Those seeking freedom fromEuropean religious turmoil speeded up colonization of America. Democracy rediscovered. |
1568 - 1648 80 Yrs War United Provinces
England
German Protestants
Huguenots
France Spanish Empire
| 1568 mi Battle of Dahlen |
1568  Battle of Heiligerlee |
| 1575 - 1612 37 Rudolf 2 ^ HRE 1576 - 1612 37 |
| 1500s mi Landestrost Lower Saxony |
1525 - 69 74  Pieter Bruegel Elder Painter Netherlands |
| 1581 mi Gifhorn Lower Saxony |
|
1583 - 8 5  Cologne War
1524 - 85 61  Pierre de Ronsard French Poet. CalledPrince of Poets of his generation. |
1515 - 86 71  Lucas Cranach Younger Painter & Woodcutter German |
|
1588  A Brief & True Report of New Found Land of Virginia by Thomas Harriot |
| 1589 1st Voyage America Arthur Barlow |
1533 - 92 59  Michel de Montaigne French Essayist |
| 1594 mi Spandau Berlin & Brandenburg |
| 1598 mi Altesschlossschleissheim Bavaria |
1598  Edict of Nantes ends French Wars of Religion. |
|
|
Holy Roman Empire
843 - 1806 963
1568 - 1648 mi 80 Yrs War United Provinces
England
German Protestants
Huguenots
France Spanish Empire
1575 - 1612 37 mi Rudolf 2 ^ HRE 1576 - 1612 37BadenWürttemberg Ottilienberg 1600s
1604  Supernova SN 1604 is observed in Milky Way by Kepler |
1605  1st newspaper Relation Johann Carolus |
1605  Elliptical Orbits of Planets Investigated by Johannes Kepler |
1608  Refracting Telescope Hans Lippershey constructs a,first for which sufficient evidence exists. Germany. |
| 1609 mi Catholic League by Maximilian of Bavaria establishes the. |
| 1609 - 14 5 mi War of Jülich succession Wolfgang William, Duke of PalatinateNeuburg John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg Rudolph II, Holy Roman Emperor |
| 1562 - 1612 50 nt Hans Leo Hassler Composer & Organist |
1612 - 9 7  Matthias < HRE 1612 - 9 7Bavaria Johannisburg 1614
|
1642  Battle of Breitenfeld |
| 1555 - 1642 87 mi Jacques Champion Harpsichordist, Dancer & Composer. France |
1643  Battle of Tuttlingen |
| 1645 Battle of Nordlingen |
| 1646 mi Godesburg Merian North Rhine Westphalia |
1648  Battle of Zusmarshausen |
1648  Peace of Westphalia ends 30 & 80 yrs wars & ends Spain & Holy Roman Empires as major powers |
1658 - 1705 47  Leopold 1 ^ HRE 1658 - 1705 47 |
| 1600s mi Ploenerschloss Schleswig Holstein |
1616 - 64 48  Andreas Gryphius
Poet & Dramatist |
| 1664 mi Schoenhausen Berlin & Brandenburg |
| 1667 mi Oldenburg Lower Saxony |
1585 - 1672 87  Heinrich Schütz Composer |
1675  Battle of Fehrbellin |
| 1675 mi Nymphenburg Bavaria |
| 1679 mi Binary system developed by Gottfried Leibnitz |
| 1682 Berlin & Brandenburg Jagdschloss Glienicke Potsdam |
| 1683 BadenWürttemberg Kirchheim Teck |
1684  Calculus by Gottfried Leibnitz & Sir Issac Newton (independently) & used to formulate classical mechanics |
1688 - 97 9 9 Yrs War Grand Alliance:
Dutch Republic
England
Holy Roman Empire
Spain
PiedmontSavoy
Sweden until 1691
Scotland France
| 1694 mi Rosicrucians Master Kelpius & Johann Andrea |
|
|
|
1742 - 5 3  Charles 7 =Maria Amalia, ^ Joseph 1 HRE 1742 - 5 3 |
1745  Battle of Kesselsdorf |
Hapsburg Lorraine
1745 - 65 20 |
| 1747 mi Berlin & Brandenburg Sanssouci |
| 1747 mi Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart NeuesSchloss |
| 1749 Mass in B Minor by J.S. Bach assembled in current form |
1685 - 1750 65  Johann Sebastian Bach Composer |
| 1750 mi Baden Württemberg Schwetzingen Castle |
| 1751 mi Art of Fugue by J.S. Bach |
1684 - 1759 75 mi George Handel German/English composer |
| 1759 mi Battle of Meissen |
1761  Battle of Villinghausen |
1764 - 90 26  Joseph 2 ^ HRE 1765 - 90 25 |
1776  Illuminati by Adam Weishaupt |
| 1781 Robbers by Friedrich Schiller |
| 1729 - 81 52 mi Gotthold Ephraim Lessing Philosopher & Writer |
| 1782 mi Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart Schlosshohenheim |
| 1783 - 1816 Selected Letters of Ludwig van Beethoven 1770 - 1827 57 96.8M 3;31;33 |
| 1714 - 87 73 mi Christoph Willibald Gluck Composer |
| 1792 - 1806 14 Dissolved Holy Roman Empire |
| 1798 mi Lithographic Printing Process by mi Alois Senefelder |
1798 - 1802 3  War of 2nd Coalition Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Poland, Czeck Republic, Austria, Hungary. French Republic,
Spain,
Polish Legions,
Denmark–Norway,
French client republics: Batavian Republic, Helvetic Republic, Cisalpine Republic, Roman Republic, Parthenopaean Republic, vs Austria,
Great Britain,
Russia,
French Royalists,
Portugal,
Two Sicilies,
Ottoman Empire |
|
|
| 1792 - 1806 14 Francis 2 < Dissolved Holy Roman Empire |
| 1759 - 1805 46 mi Friedrich Schiller poet, philosopher, historian, playwright |
| 1737 - 1807 70 mi Jacob Philipp Hackert Painter |
1806  Treaty of Pressburg HRE  |
|
1806 - 7 1 mi War of 4th Coalition Part of Napoleonic Wars. Germany & Poland. French Empire & allies:
France
Confederation ofRhine Bavaria Württemberg Saxony (from Dec.1806) Polish Legions
Italy
Naples
Etruria
Holland
Swiss Confederation
vs Spain Prussia
Russia
United Kingdom
Saxony (1806 only)
Sweden
Sicily |
|
1803 - 73 70  Justus von Liebig Chemist |
1857 - 94 37  Heinrich Hertz Physicist |
|
|
Weimar Republic
1918 - 33 15
|
Nazi Germany
1933 - 45 12
|
Federal Republic of Germany
1945 - Present 76
|
|
| |
|
|
@Berlin
1797 - 1840 43 mi Frederick William 3 ^<
1800 mi History of 30 Years War by Schiller, Friedrich 1759 - 1805
141,005 K words |
| 1744 - 1803 69 mi Johann Gottfried Herder Philosopher, Writer, Critic |
| 1724 - 1804 80 mi Immanuel Kant Philosopher |
| 1809 Bad Mergentheim lost by Teutonic Knights to Napoleon. Their last holdings |
1810  University of Berlin Alumni: Hegel, Marx, & Bismarck |
| 1811 Saxony Burganlage Neues Landratsamt PirnaSonnenstein |
1770 - 1827 57  Ludwig van Beethoven Composer |
| 1821 - 31 10 Intro Philosophy History by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 1770 - 1831 61 126M 4;35;30 |
1770 - 1831 61  Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Philosopher |
| 1749 - 1832 83 mi Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Writer, Artist, Politician |
1834  German Customs Union |
| Bavaria Hohenschwangau 1837 |
1774 - 1840 66  Caspar David Friedrich Landscape Painter |
| 1754 - 1835 81 mi Aaron HalleWolfssohn Writer, Jewish Theologian, Translator, Professor |
| 1813 - 37 24 nt Georg Büchner |
| 1841 Lower Saxony brunswick |
| 1842 BadenWürttemberg Lichtenstein |
1770 - 1843 73  Friedrich Hölderlin Poet |
| 1846 Berlin & Brandenburg orangerieschloss |
1809 - 47 38  Felix Mendelssohn Musician |
| 1777 - 1855 78 mi Carl Friedrich Gauss Mathematician, Physicist & Astronomer |
| 1848 Communist Manifesto Karl Marx |
| 1848 Revolutions inGerman states |
| 1349 Lower Saxony MarienbgGesamtansicht |
| 1797 - 1856 59 Heinrich Heine Poet |
| 1810 - 56 46 Robert Schumann Composer |
| 1858 History of Friedrich 2 of Prussia Volume 122 By Thomas Carlyle 10,253 K |
| 1769 - 1859 90 Alexander von Humboldt Naturalist, Explorer |
| 1788 - 1860 72 Arthur Schopenhauer Philosopher |
| 1860 North RhineWestphalia Palais_Schaumburg |
| 1785 - 1863 78 & 1786 1859 73 Brothers Grimm |
| 1800s SaxonyAnhalt Rudelsburg Tower & Gate |
| 1800s SaxonyAnhalt Wernigerode Castle Winter |
| 1821 - 65 44 Heinrich Barth Explorer |
1866 AustroPrussian War,
Seven Weeks War,
German Civil War. Czeck Republic, Germany, Italy. Kingdom of Prussia,
Kingdom of Italy,
MecklenburgSchwerin
Oldenburg,
County of Anhalt,
Duchy of Brunswick,
Duchy of SaxeAltenburg,
SaxeCoburg & Gotha,
Principality of WaldeckPyrmont,
County of SchwarzburgSondershausen,
Principality of Lippe
Bremen,
Hamburg
Lübeck vs Austrian Empire,
Kingdom of Saxony,
Kingdom of Bavaria,
Grand Duchy of Baden,
Kingdom of Württemberg,
Kingdom of Hanover,
Grand Duchy of Hesse,
HesseKassel,
Principality of Reuss, Elder Line,
Duchy of SaxeMeiningen,
County of SchaumburgLippe,
Nassau.
| 1866 Battle of Battle of Langensalza |
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| 1870 - 1 1 Franco-Prussian War results inunifications of Germany & Italy,collapse ofSecond French Empire,breakdown of Pax Britannica, andemergence of a New Imperialism. |
1810 - 74 64  Fritz Reuter Novelist |
| 1805 - 80 75 mi Ida Gräfin Hahn Hahn |
| 1882 Joyful Wisdom (Gay Science) Nietze 447M 12;38;50 |
1813 - 83 70  Richard Wagner Composer |
1884 - 5 1  Berlin Conference signalsstart ofEuropean "scramble for Africa". Attending nations also agree to ban trade in slaves. |
| 1788 Critique of Practical Reason by mi Immanuel Kant |
1819 - 80 61  Jacques Offenbach Composer |
| 1886 Capital, Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production V1 Karl Marx 1.05G 20;39;14 |
| 18 - 1900s 100 Baden Württemberg Teck |
| 1892 Neuschwanstein Bavaria |
1848 - 1925 77  Gottlob Frege Mathematician, Logician, Philosopher |
1818 - 83 65  Karl Marx Political Philosopher |
| 1883 Thus Spoke Zarathustra Friedrich Nietzsche 348M 12;40;10 |
| 1886 Beyond Good & Evil Friedrich Nietzsche 220M 8;02;14 |
| 1886 Beyond Good & Evil Friedrich Neitzsche 220M 8;02;14 |
| 1888 Twilight ofIdols Friedrich Nietzsche 129M 4;43;22 |
1820 - 95 75  Friedrich Engels Political Philosopher |
| 1895 Antichrist Friedrich Neitzsche 108M 3;58;01 |
| 1833 - 97 64 Johannes Brahms Composer, Pianist |
| 1811 - 99 88 Robert Bunsen Chemist |
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| 1843 - 1910 67 Robert Koch Physician, Bacteriologist |
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@Munich
| 1809 War of 5th Coalition part ofNapoleonic Wars France
Duchy of Warsaw
Confederation ofRhine Kingdom of Bavaria Saxony Württemberg Westphalia Italy
Naples
Swiss Confederation
Holland Austrian Empire
Tyrol
Hungary
United Kingdom
Black Brunswickers
Sardinia
Sicily |
1837 - 98 61 Elisabeth of Bavaria
Sissi 1955 |
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| 1777 - 1855 78 Carl Friedrich Gauss Mathematician, Physicist, Astronomer |
| 1826 - 66 40 Bernhard Riemann Mathematician |
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| 1848 - 51 3 1st Schleswig WarThree Years War Denmark SchleswigHolstein
Prussia
Kingdom of Saxony |
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1660 - 1685 Charles 2
Charles 2:Power andPassion 2003
Restoration 1995
Forever Amber 1947
Stage Beauty 2004 |
| 1668 - 93 St. Stephans Cathedral, Passau |
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| 1700 - 12 Fulda Cathedral |
| 1726 - 43 Katholische Hofkirche Cathedral Built |
| 1773 St. Hedwigs Cathedral Consecrated |
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| 1800 Battle of Engen |
| 1813 Battle of Grobbeeren. |
| 1813 Battle of Dresden. |
| 1813 Battle of Dennewitz. |
| 1813 Battle of Leipzig. |
| 1864 Battle of Heligoland |
| 1858 East India Company dissolved |
| 1891 1st pension scheme uk |
| 1896 Olympic Games Reappears |
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1992 Break up of Yugoslavia
Welcome to Sarajevo 1997 |
| 1992 Communism crumbled inSoviet Union. |
Mandela 1987
Mandela & De Klerk 1997 |
| 1998 Belarus & Russia Unite their countries into a single state. |
| 1907 Source Book of Mediæval History Documents Illustrative of European Life & Institutions fromGerman Invasions toRenaissance by 70,199 K |
| 1916 Rounding upRaider A Naval Story ofGreat Warby Percy F. (Percy Francis) 56,442 K |
| 1914 Prussian Officer by D.H. Lawrence 206M 7;31;53 |
| 1834 1919 85 Ernst Haeckel Biologist |
| 1920 Nazis formed by Hitler |
| 1926 Imperial conference gives Dominion status to settler colonies |
| 1929 Secretary of State for Dominions instituted |
| 1846 1929 83 Wilhelm Maybach Car Engine/Designer, Industrialist |
| 1930 2 2 Great Depression |
1933 Nazis come to power in Germany
Great Dictator 1940
Hitler 1962
Last Lieutenant 1993 |
| 1933 Night ofLong Knives in Germany |
Greater German Reich
1933 1945 12
Berlin, 1933 1945 Flensburg 1945 Nazi Germany signed a treaty (Tripartite Pact) withJapanese & Italian Empires. |
| 1936 Reoccupation of Rhineland |
1938 - 1945 7 Holocaust
Conspiracy 2001
Anne Frank Remembered 1995 |
| 1938 Munich peace accords |
| 1939 Mobilisation of Dominion & Imperial forces |
1941 Invasion of USSR
Jinnah 1998 |
| 1964 Brezhnev ousts Krushchev |
| 1989 Berlin Wall crumbles |
| 1992 Berlin Wall came down |
| 2008 Khadija Mosque france Germany |
| 1917 2nd Battle of Heligoland Bight Germany |
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1500s |
1600s |
1700s |
1800s |
1900s |
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| 1500s mi Schallaburg Castle |
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1616 - 48 30 years war
Last Valley 1971
| 1619 Bethlen Gabor is defeated outside Vienna |
1628  Salzburg Cathedral |
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| 1663 - 4 1 AustroTurkish War. Austria. Austria vs Ottoman Empire |
1683 - 99 16 Polish/Ottoman War. Austria, Hungary, Serbia, Croatia, Greece & Ukraine. Holy Roman Empire, Tsardom of Russia, Cossack Hetmanate, PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, Republic of Venice, Kingdom of Hungary, Kingdom of Croatia, Albanian rebels, Serb rebels, Greek rebels, Spain vs Ottoman Empire, Crimean Khanate.
1683  2nd siege of Vienna Ottomans defeated at finishesOttoman Empires hegemony in southeastern Europe. |
1683  Habsburg council of war is held in Vienna |
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| 1703 - 11 8 Rákóczi Uprising againstHabsburg Monarchy. |
| 1656 - 1723 67 Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach Austrian Architect |
1740 - 8 8  War of Austrian Succession
France
Prussia 1740 - 42; 44 45
Spain
Bavaria 1741 - 5 4
Saxony 1741 - 2
1
Naples, Sicily
,Genoa, Sweden 1741 - 3 2
Habsburg Monarchy
,Great Britain
Hanover
,Dutch Republic
,Saxony 1743 - 5
2
Kingdom of Sardinia
Russia 1741 - 3 2, 1748
1746 - 8 2  1st Carnatic War Part of War of Austrian Succession |
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| 1762 mi Orfeo ed Euridice, first "reform opera" by Gluck, performed in Vienna |
1781 - 5 4  1st Step in Serfdom Abolition |
| 1786 mi Marriage of Figaro opera Mozart |
| 1719 - 87 68 mi Leopold Mozart, Austrian composer |
| 1787 Don Giovanni opera Mozart |
| 1788 Jupiter Symphony #41 Mozart |
| 1756 - 91 35 mi Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Austrian Composer |
| 1791 Magic Flute, opera by Mozart |
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| 1717 - 80 63 mi Maria Theresa, Austrian Empress |
| Franz Joseph 1 of Austria, Emperor of Austria & brother of Mexican Emperor |
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Vienna & Budapest 51 yrs preceded by Austrian Empire
1822 - 84 62  Gregor MendelBiologist |
1889 Austrian Crown Prince Rudolph marries a commoner
Mayerling 1936 1969 1889 |
1824 - 97 73  Anton Bruckner Composer |
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Vienna & Budapest 51 yrs preceded by Austrian Empire
1900 Interpretations of Dreams by Freud published
Freud 1962
InheritWind (Trial on evolution) 1960 |
| 1860 - 1904 44 Theodor Herzl Modern Political Zionism |
| 1844 - 1906 62 Ludwig Boltzmann Physicist |
| 1915 1st Battle ofIsonzo. Slovenia Italy 225 14.9 VS AustriaHungary 115 10 |
| 1915 2nd Battle ofIsonzo. Slovenia AustriaHungary 130Bat 420G 45XW VS Italy 260Bat 840G 42XW |
| 1915 3rd Battle ofIsonzo. Slovenia AustriaHungary 184Bat 643AP 40.4 9X VS Italy 338Bat 130CSq 1.4AP 67.1 11X |
| 1915 4th Battle ofIsonzo. Slovenia Italy 370Bat 1.4G 49.5 7.5X VS AustriaHungary 155Bat 626G 32.1 4X |
| 1916 5th Battle ofIsonzo. Slovenia AustriaHungary 100Bat (+30R) 470G 2XW VS Italy 286Bat (+90R) 1.4G 1.9XWM |
| 1916 6th Battle ofIsonzo. Slovenia AustriaHungary 9Div 42 8X VS Italy 22Div 51 21X |
| 1916 7th Battle ofIsonzo. Slovenia AustriaHungary 150Bat 770AP 15 VS Italy 240Bat 1.2AP 17 |
| 1916 Battle of Bucharest. Romania Germany, Bulgaria, AustriaHungary 250 ? VS Romania 150 60 85A 115MG |
| 1917 8th Battle ofIsonzo. Slovenia AustriaHungary 14Div 25 VS Italy 20Div 24 |
| 1917 9th Battle ofIsonzo. Slovenia Italy 225Bat 1.4A 39 VS AustriaHungary 170Bat 990A 33 |
| 1917 10th Battle ofIsonzo. Slovenia Italy 400 150 35X VS AustriaHungary 200 75 17X |
| 1917 11th Battle ofIsonzo. Slovenia Italy #600Bat 5.2G 148 30X 108W VS AustriaHungary, Germany 250Bat 2.2G 105 20X 45W 30M 20C |
| 1917 12th Battle ofIsonzo. Battle of Caporetto. Slovenia Germany, AustriaHungary 350 70XW 2.2A VS Italy 400 10X 30W 265C 2.2A |
| 1918 Reflections on War & Death Sigmund Frued 34.5M 1;15;28 |
| 1918 Totem & Taboo Sigmund Frued 175M 6;24;14 |
| 1918 Battle ofPiave River. Italy Italy 58Div, UK 3Div, France 2Div, Czechslovakia 80XW VS AustriaHungary 57Div 60X 90W 25C |
| 1918 Battle of Vittorio Veneto. Italy End ofAustroHungarian Empire Italy 51Div, UK 3Div, France 2Div, Czechloslovakia 1Div, USA 2Reg 57Div 7.7G 37.4XW VS AustriaHungary 61Div 35X 100W 300C 6.1G |
| 1916 Battle of Asiago. Italy Italy 172Bat 850G 140Cas 12X 80W 50C VS AustriaHungary 300Bat 2G 100Cas 15X 75W 15MC |
| 1918 Battle of Caporetto. Slovenia Germany, Austria 350 2.2A 70XW VS Italy 400 2.2A 10X 30W 265C |
| 1918 Battle of Romani. Egypt UK, Australia, New Zealand 14 1.1VS Ottomans, Germany, AustriaHungary 16 9.2 w/ 4C |
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Vienna
| 1922 mi Tractatus by Ludwig Wittgenstein 1889, 1951 116M 4;14;32 |
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Vienna
1856 - 1939 83  Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis Austrian |
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.gif){kind=small}
Relief of Goes
Siege of Harlem 
Capture of Breda 
Dutch Bible
1st recorded European sighting of New Zealand
Paintings of Ruisdael 
1st Anglo/Dutch War
Battle of Scheveningen 
Frans Hals
Rembrandt van Rijn
3rd Anglo/Dutch War
Franco/Dutch War
Siege of Groningen 
Siege of Groenlo 
Battle of Schooneveld 
Battle of Khotyn 
Battle of Texel 
Michiel de Ruyter
Baruch Spinoza
War of Reunions
Cassard's Rain of Curacao 
Battle of Sprimont
Battle of Camperdown 
Battle Krabbendam
Battle Bergen 
Battle of Alkmaar 
Battle of Castricum 
Vincent van Gogh's Carreer
Battle of Jodoigne 
Battle of Gembloux 
Battle of Rijmenam 
Battle of Fleurus 
Battle of Kallo 
Battle of Fleurus
Battle of Ramillies 
Battle of Oudenarde
Battle of Rocoux
Battle of Lauffeld
Battle of Turnhout 
Battle of Ligny
Wijnendale Castle 
10 Days' Campaign 
Battle of Hasselt 
Battle of Leuven 
Leopold 2
Battle of Liege
Battle of Charleroi
Battle of Antwerp
Sword and 
Rose 1953
S Carolina to 
Newfoundland 
Battle of Pavia
Quebec Claimed for France
John Calvin 1509 - 64 55 begins reforming 
Battle of Ceresole
Battle of Jarnac 
Battle of Ivry 
1st Fronde
Battle of Dunes 
André Le Nôtre
Monsieur de Sainte Colombe
Camisard Rebellion
MarcAntoine
Françoise Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan, lover of Louis 14 
Nicolas Boileau / Despréaux
Battle of Denain 
French take Mauritius
1001 Nights translated into French.png){kind=icon}
Great Plague of Marseille
Battle of Borgo 
Battle of Ponte Novu 
Law of Conservation of Mass
Battle of Verdun 
Battle of Valmy 
Siege of Toulon 
Joseph Fouché
Claude Henri de Rouvroy
Battle of Cherbourg 
Battle of Wissembourg 
Battle of Spicheren 
Battle of Mars-la-Tour 
Battle of Gravelotte 
Battle of Sedan 
Battle of Strasbourg 
Battle of Metz 
Battle of Villiers 
Battle of St Quentin 
1st Battle of Zurich 
Principality of Liechtenstein
Maximilian 1
Battle of Jemmingen 
Battle of Wimpfen 
Battle of Hochst 
Simon Marius
Albrecht von Wallenstein
Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck
Battle of Lutter 
Johannes Kepler
Battle of Rain 
Battle of Lutzen 
Jean Titelouze
Battle of Nördlingen
Mezzotint Engraving, 1ST Grey Tones in Printed Images
Battle of Friedlingen
Battle of Schellenberg
Battle of Blenheim
Johann Christoph Bach
Joseph 1
Johann Pachelbel
Battle of Gadebusch 
Gottfried Leibniz
Battle of Dettingen
Battle of Maxen 
Battle of Torgau 
Frederick 3
@ Berlin
War of Quadruple Alliance
Brandenburg concertos
Frederick 2
Communist Manifesto
Sorrows of Young Werther
War of Bavarian Succession
Perpetual Peace 
Siege of Kaiserslautern 
Friedrich Nietzsche
Gottlieb Daimler
Ottomar Anschütz
Battle of Schwechat 
Archduke John of Austria
Christian Doppler
Klemens von Metternich